Physical, Chemical, Bacteriological Properties and Heavy Metals in Tap Water vs. Bottled Water in Duhok Governorate

Physical, Chemical, Bacteriological Properties and Heavy Metals in Tap Water vs. Bottled Water in Duhok Governorate

Ali H. Dosky  Assistant Professor in Medical Chemistry

College of Medicine / University of Duhok –  irak

Abstract 

Over the last century, tap water systems’ advancement and widespread implementation have brought about a significant transformation globally. This development has provided billions of people with access to clean water, alleviating the historical struggles related to water scarcity and its adverse impacts on health and development. In contrast, bottled water, as defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), refers to water intended for human consumption, packaged in bottles or containers without any additional ingredients, except for the possible

inclusion of a safe and appropriate antimicrobial agent and limited levels of fluoride

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